维州 · 电表、账单与租赁法
维州奶奶房出租 ——
分表,以及账单谁付。
small second dwelling 可以出租给任何人。租客随后是否自付水电,取决于 Residential Tenancies Act 里的一个法律短语 —— "separately metered"(单独计量)—— 以及五家配电公司与各水务局实际愿意安装什么。本指南给出规则、每家公用事业机构的流程与费用,以及 E2ES 在每个项目上的做法:在第一位租客入住之前把表分好。
作者:Joey Don · E2ES 联合创始人兼 CEO · 核实于 2026 年 9 月 12 日
一句话结论
依据 Residential Tenancies Act 1997,租客**只有在出租房屋单独计量时**才支付电、气与水费 —— 即由公用事业机构安装或批准、只计量该住宅的表(第 3 条、第 52 条)。如果奶奶房用的是主屋的表,则由**出租方支付**(第 53 条)。所以实务规则是:给单元申请独立的电力 NMI(由你的电工通过零售商向配电公司申请),并在水务局允许时申请独立水表 —— 然后租客直接收到账单。与新州和昆州不同,维州对向租客收水费**没有节水达标的前置条件**。业主自己装的分表不算"separately metered";通过分表转售电力是可以的,但属于嵌入式电网销售,价格上限为 Victorian Default Offer。E2ES 的每个项目交付时都已提交分表申请,让租客自付账单。
规则 —— 一个短语决定谁付
Residential Tenancies Act 1997 第 52 条规定,租客承担"**单独计量**的出租房屋中,与租客占用相关的所有电、气或油的供应或使用费用"(安装与初次接驳除外),并且同样仅限单独计量的房屋,承担按用水量计费的水费以及水务局征收的污水处理费。第 53 条把其余一切放在出租方身上:任何服务的安装与初次接驳;依据任何法律应付的全部 rates、税费;**未**单独计量房屋的电、气或油费;不按用量计费的供水费用;以及未单独计量房屋的全部水费 —— 供应、用量与污水处理。
第 3 条对这个短语给出精确定义。"Separately metered"指就出租房屋而言存在一块表,"(a) 由该公用事业的相关供应商安装或批准;且 (b) 仅就该房屋……计量所供应或使用的物质或服务的数量"。由此产生两个结果。经主屋配电箱接电、由主屋供水管供水的奶奶房不属于单独计量,因此其水电由业主支付,若要收回也只能通过租金。而业主自购自装的表 —— 私人分表 —— 不是"由相关供应商安装或批准"的表,因此同样不改变答案。
对网上广泛流传的一种说法做一处更正:维州对向租客收水费**没有节水测试**。那是新南威尔士州与昆士兰州的规则。维州法规中唯一的节水相关条款是 3 星 WELS 花洒的最低标准,以及更换的水龙头与设备须为 3 星(否则低效更换品的水费由出租方承担)。
电力 —— 向配电公司申请第二个 NMI
维州有五家配电公司,各有固定辖区,奶奶房通过向拥有你所在街道的配电公司申请新接驳来获得自己的 National Metering Identifier。流程在实质上各地相同:持牌电工(Registered Electrical Contractor)完成到新表位的布线,提交 Electrical Work Request 和法定的 Certificate of Electrical Safety,你选择的零售商发起接驳工单,配电公司的计量服务商安装智能电表并创建 NMI。此后单元拥有自己的账户与零售商。Jemena 在多处住宅的情况下要求提供 council 批准的每栋住宅门牌号,因此地址分配(见下文)要先办。基本接驳很快:Electricity Distribution Code of Practice 要求标准情况下在申请后 10 个工作日内接驳,AusNet 公布的目标是提交后 15 天。
| 配电公司 | 服务区域 | 第二块电表 / NMI 的办理 |
|---|---|---|
| AusNet Services | Eastern metro + north-east and eastern Victoria | EnergyConnect — your Registered Electrical Contractor lodges the application; AusNet aims to connect the meter within 15 days of submission. 官网 |
| CitiPower | Inner Melbourne / CBD | eConnect — RECs and licensed electrical workers submit new connections with the Certificate of Electrical Safety attached; customers can only submit abolishments and solar pre-approvals. 官网 |
| Powercor | Western Melbourne + western Victoria | eConnect — same portal and rules as CitiPower. 官网 |
| Jemena | North-western Melbourne | Electricity Distribution Portal via the retailer — Electrical Works Request + Certificate of Electrical Safety per premise; for multiple premises also a group-metering-panel CES and the council-approved street number allocation for each dwelling; truck appointment. 官网 |
| United Energy | South-eastern Melbourne + Mornington Peninsula | myEnergy — applications by customers, RECs (Electrical Work Request + prescribed CES) or retailers; connection charges appear on the electricity bill. 官网 |
另一种做法是保留一个 NMI,通过私人分表向租客售电。这是合法的 —— 依据 Essential Services Commission 的 General Exemption Order 2022,在自有场地向不足 10 户住宅客户销售计量电力无需注册 —— 但属于嵌入式电网销售:价格不得超过 Victorian Default Offer,电表必须是经批准(型式核准)的表,售电方受 Energy and Water Ombudsman 计划管辖。这种安排是否同时满足租赁法"由相关供应商安装或批准"的测试尚无定论,这也是我们不采用这种建法的原因。
供水 —— 各水务局愿意装什么表,费用多少
供水由各水务局逐一决定,政策差异比电力规则大得多。在墨尔本都会区,Yarra Valley Water 要求两栋住宅各自由独立主水表供水,不提供主表加分表的安排,并对任何已经或可以单独计量的接驳收取 New Customer Contribution。South East Water 按地块收取 NCC,对保留在一块表上的双住户允许各自申请分表,费用由业主承担。Greater Western Water 按其指南奶奶房章节的说法处理:若单元属于 Planning and Environment Act 下的"dwelling"或申请了独立水表,则适用 NCC;分表可选;不想分开计费的业主可以通过声明递延缴费。维州区域更严格:Coliban Water 要求每个独立占用单位单独装表。
| 水务局 | 服务区域 | 第二住宅的水表政策 | 费用 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yarra Valley Water | Northern and eastern Melbourne | New Customer Contribution applies to any connection that is separately titled or is, or can be, individually metered; YVW requires both dwellings to be serviced by individual main water meters and does not offer a main-meter-plus-check-meter arrangement. "Apply for separate metering" form (owners agreement required). 官网 | NCC 2025-26 $1,018.89 each for water, sewer and recycled water; 2026-27 $1,113.63 each. |
| South East Water | South-eastern Melbourne, Casey, Cardinia, Mornington Peninsula | NCC for any new property that is separately titled or is, or can be, individually metered; applications via PropertyConnect; a dual occupancy on one meter can apply for check meters at the owner's cost. 官网 | NCC per lot 2026-27: water $1,112.49; sewer $1,112.49 (other areas) / $1,306.81 (Casey) / $2,285.23 (Cardinia); recycled water $2,951.64 (Casey) / $3,551.01 (Cardinia). |
| Greater Western Water | Western and north-western Melbourne | Metering and Servicing Guidelines v8.4 §11.7 (dependent persons unit / granny flat): where the development is a "dwelling" under the Planning and Environment Act or the applicant requests separate meters, New Customer Contributions apply; individual sub/check metering is optional; three servicing options (separate tappings, upsized 25 mm service with sub-meters, or retain the existing service); NCC deferrable via a DPU declaration. 官网 | NCC applies when separately metered — amount per the current GWW schedule. |
| Barwon Water | Geelong and the Surf Coast | "Application for Water and Sewer Connection"; NCC framework 2023-28. 官网 | Amounts not verified this round. |
| Central Highlands Water | Ballarat | Plumbing consent via My Services; your plumber installs a water meter on site before connection; multiple dwellings need a Notice of Agreement (Non-Works). 官网 | Amounts not verified this round. |
| Coliban Water | Bendigo | Separate water meters installed by a Coliban Water contractor are required for each individual occupancy; "Connect a Property" application. 官网 | NCC water and sewer 2025-26 $3,512.51 standard / $2,032.70 small-lot infill. |
E2ES 在每个项目上的做法 —— 我们自己的经验
这是实践,不是法律。在我们团队建造并出租的维州地块上,电表水表的安排是决定租赁运行是否顺畅的最大单一因素,因此它是建造的一部分,而不是事后补救。在报建的那个月,我们向 council 申请单元的门牌号,我们的电工把单元接到新表位并通过租客未来的零售商向配电公司提交接驳申请,并在水务局提供分表的地方提交分表申请。在五家配电公司与三家都会区水务局的范围内,我们尚未遇到第二块电表被拒的地块;供水则是缴纳水务局的 contribution,并且在 Yarra Valley Water 辖区接受两栋住宅各自安装独立主表。表分好之后,租客直接收到账单,业主唯一的公用事业支出是第 53 条留给出租方的固定供水服务费。租约随后用明白的文字写清这一点 —— 正是这一步把一条好规则变成一段安静的租期。
地址 —— 为什么它在电表之前
零售商不会为"后面那栋奶奶房"开户。council 是 Vicmap Address 中房产地址的管理者,按澳大利亚地址标准 AS/NZS 4819:2011 为单独占用的住宅分配独立门牌号 —— 通常是字母后缀("20A 位于 20 号与 22 号之间"),或在地块未分割时按原门牌号编排的单元号。Cardinia 与 Latrobe 通过 rates 团队处理申请;多数 council 有门牌号申请表。请尽早申请:Jemena 尤其要求在接驳申请中附上 council 的分配文件,配电公司的 NMI 也是针对该地址创建的。
出租后的 rates、土地税与各项税费
出租单元会改变 State Revenue Office 与 council 层面的四件事。Land Tax Act 2005(第 62A 条)取消你土地上含有前一年出租取得收入的独立住宅那部分的主要自住豁免 —— SRO 的示例显示自 2026 税务年度起适用部分豁免。通过平台短租不足 28 晚的奶奶房自 2025 年 1 月 1 日起需缴 7.5 % 的短租税,即使与你的住宅在同一块地上,因为它可以被单独占用。空置住宅土地税自 2025 年起在全州适用于一年中有六个月无人居住的住宅用地;SRO 对已入住住宅后方空置单元的处理没有说明。而 council 必须对房产中可单独占用的每一部分分别评定 rates,因此单独出租的单元可能成为第二份 rates 评估。
| 项目 | 规定 |
|---|---|
| Land tax | Land Tax Act 2005 s 62A: if principal-place-of-residence land contains a separate residence used to derive income from accommodation in the preceding year, land tax is assessable on the part of the land containing that residence (partial PPR exemption, SRO worked example from the 2026 tax year). 来源 |
| Short stay levy | Short Stay Levy Act 2024: 7.5 % of the total booking fee on stays under 28 consecutive days from 1 January 2025; a granny flat on the same land as the owner's home is levied if it can be occupied separately (the platform pays where booked via a platform). 来源 |
| Vacant residential land tax | Statewide from 2025: land not lived in for 6 months of the previous year by the owner, a permitted occupant, or under a genuine lease or short-term letting; 1 % / 2 % / 3 % of capital improved value by year liable. Treatment of an empty unit on occupied PPR land not stated by the SRO. 来源 |
| Council rates | Councils must separately rate each part of a property capable of separate occupancy (Valuation of Land Act 1960) — a separately let small second dwelling can become a second rateable assessment; practice varies by council. 来源 |
Rooming house 的分界线 —— 按建筑算,按人数算
依据该法,rooming house 是指其中有一间或多间房间可供出租、且可占用这些房间的总人数不少于四人的建筑。测试按建筑进行。small second dwelling 按定义是同一地块上的独立 Class 1a 建筑(Building Regulations reg 5),因此一栋出租给一个家庭的主屋加一栋出租给另一家庭的单元不是 rooming house,无论总人数多少。越线的是一栋建筑内有四间或以上单独出租的房间 —— 届时依据 Public Health and Wellbeing Act 向 council 注册、rooming house 最低标准,以及超过 Clause 52.23 门槛时的 planning permit 都会被触发。我们的两租约与三租约配置都设计在这条线的正确一侧。
一手来源链接
- Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic) — s 3 "separately metered", s 52 renter's liability, s 53 rental provider's liabilityReprint 9 September 2026. The renter pays supply and usage only where the premises are separately metered by a meter installed or approved by the supplier; otherwise the rental provider pays.
- Residential Tenancies Regulations 2021 (Vic) — regs 22–24, Schedule 4 (minimum standards)Prescribed provider charges; WELS 3-star replacement fixtures; 3-star shower head minimum standard.
- Consumer Affairs Victoria — Paying for utilities, phone and internet"If the property doesn't have its own meter, the rental provider must pay."
- Essential Services Commission — electricity licence exemptions (General Exemption Order 2022)Selling metered electricity to fewer than 10 residential customers on your own site: deemed exemption, Victorian Default Offer price cap, approved meter, EWOV membership.
- Essential Services Commission — Victorian Default OfferThe maximum price for households in embedded networks; 1 July 2026 – 30 June 2027 determination.
- Essential Services Commission — Electricity Distribution Code of Practice v3 (1 Jan 2026)Connection timeframes for a basic connection.
- AusNet Services — meter connectionsYour electrician lodges the application; meters connected within 15 days of submission (target).
- CitiPower / Powercor — eConnectRECs and licensed electrical workers submit new connections with the Certificate of Electrical Safety.
- Jemena — Electrician hub / basic connectionsElectrical Works Request + Certificate of Electrical Safety per premise; council street-number allocation for multiple dwellings.
- United Energy — Connecting your homeApplications by customers, RECs or retailers.
- Yarra Valley Water — Apply for separate metering; New customer contributionsBoth dwellings must have individual main water meters; NCC $1,018.89 (2025-26) / $1,113.63 (2026-27) per service.
- South East Water — Prices and charges (developers); check metersNCC per lot 2026-27; check meters for a dual occupancy on one meter.
- Greater Western Water — Water metering and servicing guidelines v8.4 (§11.7 granny flats)NCC applies where the unit is a "dwelling" or separate meters are requested; sub-metering optional; DPU declaration deferral.
- Coliban Water — Land development quick guide and fees 2025-26Separate meters per occupancy; NCC $3,512.51 / $2,032.70 infill.
- Central Highlands Water — connecting to existing servicesPlumbing consent; meter installed by your plumber; Notice of Agreement for multiple dwellings.
- State Revenue Office — principal place of residence exemption changes; short stay levy; vacant residential land taxLand Tax Act 2005 s 62A partial exemption for a rented separate residence; 7.5 % short-stay levy; VRLT 1–3 %.
- Vicmap Address (data.vic.gov.au)Councils are the custodians of property addresses; a separately let unit is numbered under AS/NZS 4819:2011 (e.g. "20A").
常见问题
如果奶奶房单独计量 —— 由公用事业机构安装或批准、只计量该单元的表 —— 租客支付电力供应与用量、用水量与污水处理费(Residential Tenancies Act 第 52 条)。如果与主屋共用表,则出租方支付(第 53 条)。出租方永远支付安装、初次接驳、rates 与税费以及不按用量计费的供水服务费。
不能。第 3 条要求由相关供应商安装或批准的表。业主自装的分表不符合条件,因此业主仍依第 53 条付费。配电公司签发的第二个 NMI 与水务局的水表符合条件。
你的持牌电工把单元接到新表位并提交 Electrical Work Request 与 Certificate of Electrical Safety;你选择的零售商向配电公司(AusNet、CitiPower、Powercor、Jemena 或 United Energy)发起接驳,其计量服务商安装电表并创建新 NMI。基本接驳通常在 10–15 个工作日内完成。请先向 council 申请门牌号。
Yarra Valley Water 要求两栋住宅各有独立主表,并收取 New Customer Contribution(2026-27 每项服务 $1,113.63)。South East Water 按地块收取 NCC,并为一块表上的双住户提供分表。Greater Western Water 在申请独立水表时适用 NCC,分表可选。Coliban 等区域水务局要求每个占用单位一块表。
维州不需要。这一前置条件存在于新南威尔士州与昆士兰州。维州只要求 3 星 WELS 花洒作为最低标准,以及更换设备须为 3 星。
可以,作为嵌入式电网售电方:在自有场地向不足 10 户住宅客户售电无需向 ESC 注册,但价格上限为 Victorian Default Offer,电表必须是经批准的表,且你受能源申诉专员计划管辖。这是否同时满足租赁法的定义尚无定论,因此第二个 NMI 是更干净的路径。
会。依据 Land Tax Act 2005 第 62A 条,你主要自住地上含有前一年出租取得收入的独立住宅的那部分需缴土地税;住宅其余部分保留豁免。通过平台短租不足 28 晚还需缴 7.5 % 的短租税。
不会 —— 四人测试按建筑进行,small second dwelling 是独立建筑。一栋建筑内有四间或以上单独出租的房间才是 rooming house,需要向 council 注册。
重要提示
本指南汇总的是截至 2026 年 9 月 12 日公开的维州租赁、能源与供水法规及公用事业机构政策,并附一手来源链接;凡注明之处描述的是 E2ES 自己的运营实践。E2ES 是建造商,并通过 Optima Real Estate Pty Ltd 持有房地产中介牌照 —— 不是律师事务所、税务代理或财务顾问。公用事业费用每个财政年度调整,接驳结果取决于你所在街道的电网;税务后果取决于你的具体情况。行动前请取得独立建议。
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+61 480 099 909
邮箱
hello@e2es.com.au
办公地址
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